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Tab. 2.3.1 Rate of union organisationSource: OECD, n.d.When characterising the changes in the social environment that HRM has toface today, it is also necessary to mention the change in the position andoperation of trade unions. The strong credibility of trade unions in someeconomically developed countries and the high level of organisation ofemployees in them has gradually weakened. The statistics available for 2012%u20132013 show that the average level of unionisation within the EU was only 23%(Dares, 2016). However, there are huge differences between individualcountries, ranging from less than 10% to more than 60%. This fact represents,on one hand, certain advantages for most European companies in that they nolonger have to face such harsh and frequent organised employee resistance asin the past, but on the other hand, new trade union practices in the form ofadministrative and legal obstacles that inhibit or delay serious businessdecisions, harming both employees and management. Therefore, there is aneed to revitalise social partnership and dialogue, in which both parties wouldbe able to dynamically and constructively negotiate and solve the serious issuesthat this time brings.Based on several available sources, Table 2.1 illustrates the differences in thedegree of trade union organisation in selected European and non-Europeancountries in their geographical groupings. It is interesting to observe thedifferences between Anglophone and Francophone countries. With theexception of France itself, where the number of employees organised in trade912.3 Managing People in EuropeCountry Year Rate (%) Country Year Rate (%)Belgium 2018 50.3 Germany 2018 16.5France 2018 8.8 The Balticcountries2018 7,8Ireland 2018 24.1 The UnitedKingdom2018 23.4Japan 2018 17.0 The Nordiccountries2017 64.6Canada 2017 30 Italy 2018 34.4Luxembourg 2018 31.8 USA 2018 10.1Qu%u00e9bec 2017 38 The Countries ofthe University2016 11.0