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%u25aa Activism/advocacy: involves organising to bring about political or socialchange or to show support for, bring awareness to, or promote a particularcause or policy.%u25aa Civic learning: acquiring knowledge of community, government, socialissues, or political issues with or without the application of the knowledge.%u25aa Community service/volunteerism: engaging in activities to benefit others orone%u2019s community; such activities may or may not involve structured trainingand reflection.%u25aa Service learning: involves intentionally linking service activities with studentlearning objectives to mutually benefit the recipient (community organisation)and the provider (student) by addressing real community needs whilestudents apply what they have learned and advance that learning throughactive engagement and reflection.%u25aa Community engaged internship: provides students with hands-onexperiences that enhance their learning or understanding of social or politicalissues relevant to a particular area of study. The course is listed as%u201cProfessional Practice%u201d in the university catalogue.%u25aa Philanthropy/fundraising: collection of resources (e.g. money, food,clothing, etc.) to benefit charitable organisations or agencies.%u25aa Community engaged research: the creation of new knowledge incollaboration with or on behalf of a community partner, who contributes tostudent learning within the academic discipline while also strengthening thewell-being of the community by working to solve or understand an issue ofpublic concern.%u25aa Social entrepreneurship/social innovation: combining innovation,resourcefulness, and opportunity to address critical social and environmentalchallenges through the development of business models, products, orservices.Civic participation and engagement are a central component of democraticsociety. Active civic engagement promotes accountability, be it between thegovernment and the people, between different identity groups within a society,or between individual citizens.Civic participation encourages active questioning and leads to more informedcitizens. Civic participation allows individuals to have more communityinvolvement and to forge ties with other members of their community. On thewhole, this can decrease levels of violence and crime in the community, improveliving conditions, and foster a sense of community pride.On an individual level, civic participation can reduce social isolation and leadto improved mental health and a feeling of empowerment and belonging.Engagement in one%u2019s community can make a positive difference (Krainc, 2021).451.3 Citizenship Participation and Engagement